CONTENTS



                                                             Clear glass screen with cross hairs                        46
Preface                                                 9
                                                             Cleaning the focusing screens                              46
LEITZ — yesterday and today                             11   Eyecup                                                     47
Ernst Leitz comes to Wetzlar                            13   Angle finder                                               47
The decision to produce the Leica                       14   Focus in advance                                           47
Leitz Wetzlar today                                     14   Panning with the camera                                    47
The main factory in Wetzlar                             15   Unobserved picturetaking                                   48
The other plants                                        16
Business developments                                   16   Exposure measurement                                        49
Leitz' role in space                                    16   Measuring incident and reflected light                      49
Leitz means precision. Worldwide                        17   Normal subjects                                             50
                                                             Leitz large-field integrating measurement                   50
OSKAR BARNACK                                                Overriding for bright or dark conditions                    50
Pioneer of 35 mm photography                                 Leitz selective measurement = close-up
   - Inventor of the LEICA                                     measurement from afar                                     51
                                                        22   Measured value storage                                      51
Brief Leica chronicle
                                                        22   Especially attractive: strong contrasts                     51
Ur-Leica
                                                        22   Stand-in measurement                                        53
Leica I or A with non-interchangeable lens
                                                        22   Measuring exposures for close-ups                           54
Leica I or C for interchangeable lenses
                                                        23   Exposure measurement with photographic filters . . .        54
Leica II or D
                                                        24   Exposure measurement does not replace thinking . .          54
Leica III or F
                                                        23   Test exposure for optimum results                           55
Leica Illf
                                                        23
Leica M3
                                                        24   Leica R3/R3-Mot:
Leicaflex
                                                        24   Two modes of measurement: automatic and manual        .    -56
Leicaflex SL
Leicaflex SL 2                                          25
                                                             Leica R4: five modes                                        56
                                                        25   Leitz know-how makes it possible                            57
Leica R3 electronic
                                                        25   When to use which exposure control mode                     57
Leica R3-Mot electronic
                                                        28   Automatic exposure control with aperture priority
Leica R4-Mot electronic, Leica R4 and Leica R4s    ..          with Leitz large-field integrating measurement . . . .   • 60
                                                        35   Automatic exposure control with aperture priority
The Camera                                              37     with Leitz selective measurement                          60
Fundamentals of Photography                             38   Automatic exposure control with shutter speed priority
Focal length                                            38     with Leitz large-field integrating measurement . . . .    61
Light-gathering power                                   38   Programmed automatic exposure control
The aperture                                            39     with Leitz large-field integrating measurement . . . .    61
Depth of field                                          41   Manual setting of shutter speed and aperture
The shutter                                                    with Leitz selective measurement                          62
Attention, p icture!                                    43
                                                        43   Automatic corrections                                       62
Holding the camera correctly
                                                        44   Personal programs                                           62
The camera motion test

                                                        44   Additional LED displays in the viewfinder                   63
Practice makes perfect
                                                        44   Below the measurement threshold                             63
Use the full frame
                                                        44   The exposure control                                        64
Check the focus
                                                        45   Analog control                                              64
Eyesight correction lenses
                                                        45   Digital (Quartz) control                                    64
Interchangeable focusing screens
                                                        46   Motorized cameras                                           66
Universal focusing screen
                                                        46   Leicaflex SL-Mot/SL 2-Mot                                   66
Uniform ground glass screen
                                                        46   Leica R3-Mot                                                67
Microprism screen
                                                        46   Leica R4                                                    67
Uniform ground glass screen with grid division    ...



Motor Winder R4                             67     The fisheye lens                                   110
Motor Drive R4                              68     16 mm f/2.8 Fisheye-Elmarit-R                      111

The Leica R motor system                    69     Long focal lengths                                 114
Handgrip for handheld photography           69     Telephoto lenses                                   115
Remote control Leica R                      69
Tripod holder                               69     All-purpose lenses                                 115
                                                   90 mm f/2.8 Elmarit-R                              116
Electric cable release R4                   71
                                                   90 mm f/2 Summicron-R                              116
Additional motor accessories                71
                                                   80mmf/1.4Summilux-R                                118
                                                   135 mm f/2.8 Elmarit-R                             119
Working sheets for motor cameras            71

Interchangeable camera back                 72     The group of 180s                                  121
                                                   180mmf/4Elmar-R                                    121
Databack                                    72
                                                   180 mm f/2.8 Elmarit-R                             122
                                                   180mmf/3.4Apo-Telyt-R                              124
Double and multiple exposures               74
The exposure                                74
                                                   The classic telephoto lenses                       128
Trick photos                                75
Experimental photographs                    77     250 mm f/4 Telyt-R                                 128
Phantom photographs                         77     350 mm f/4.8 Telyt-R                               129
Title slides                                77
                                                   The rapid-fire lenses                              131
Colored diagrams                            77
                                                   400 mm f/6.8 Telyt-R                               132
Motorized multiple exposures                78
                                                   560 mm f/6.8 Telyt-R                               132
Leica R lenses                              79
                                                   The 800 mm f/6.3 Telyt-S long telephoto lens       134
Why different focal lenghts                 81
Learn to see photographically               83
                                                   Mirror reflex lenses                               135
                                                   500mmf/8MR-Telyt-R                                 136
Basic design of Leica R lenses              84
                                                   800 mm f/8 RF-Rokkor                               137
The quick-change bayonet                    84
The automatic diaphragm                     84
                                                   Macro lenses                                   .   137
Scales for distance and depth of field      85
                                                   60 mm f/2.8 Macro-Elmarit-R                        137
The lens hood                               85
                                                   100mmf/4Macro-Elmar-R                              138
Special characteristics of Leica R lenses   85
                                                   Zoom lenses                                        146
Mechanical components                       85
                                                   3 7 - 7 0 mm f/3.5 Vario-Elmar-R                   148
Optical components                          86
                                                   75-200 mm f/4.5 Vario-Elmar-R                      149
Surface coating                             87
Quality assurance                           93
                                                   Using Leica M lenses on a Leica R                  150
                                                   No off-brand lenses on the Leica R                 151
The standard focal lengths                  93
                                                   Hints for the care of Leica R lenses               151
50 mm f/2 Summicron-R                       94
50mmf/1.4Summilux-R                         96
                                                   Increasing the focal length with extenders         157
60 mm f/2.8 Macro-Elmarit-R                 96
                                                   Leitz Extender-R 2 x                               159
                                                   Extender-R 2 x for Leica R cameras                 159
Wide angle lenses                           96
                                                   Extender-R 2 x for Leicaflex SL/SL 2 cameras       159
Floating element                            97
Retrofocus lenses                           97
                                                   Practical picturetaking techniques                 161
Normal wide angle lenses                     98    THE NEAR RANGE                                     163
                                                   The reproduction ratio                             163
35 mm f/2.8 Elmarit-R                        99
35 mm f/2 Summicron-R                        99
                                                   Optical close-up attachments                       164
35 mm f/4 PA-Curtagon-R                     100'
                                                   Elpro close-up attachments                         166
28 mm f/2.8 Elmarit-R                       104
                                                   Close-up pictures with lens extension              167
The super wide angle lenses                 105    Laws of imaging                                    167
24 mm f/2.8 Elmarit-R                       105    Exposure factor                                    169
21 mm f/4 Super-Angulon-R                   106    Depth of field                                     170
19 mm f/2.8 Elmarit-R                       106    Ring combination                                   170
15mmf/3.5Super-Elmar-R                      110    Extension tube for rapid focus lenses              174
                                                          175   Graininess and grain                                  210
Macro-Adapter-R
                                                          176   Resolving power and contour sharpness                 212
1 to 1 Adapter
                                                          176   Freedom from halation                                 213
Close-up ring
                                                          177   Gradation                                             213
Universal Focusing Bellows-R
                                                                Reciprocity law failure                               213
Why Leitz does not recommend
 lens-reversing adapters                                  181   Black-and-white films                                 213
                                                                Applications of black-and-white films                 214
                                                          182
Photar lenses                                                   Low speed films                                       214
                                                                Medium speed films                                    214
Reproduction (Copying)                                    185   High speed films                                      214
Uniform illumination                                      185   Films for reproduction and copying                    214
                                                                Orthochromatic reproduction film                      214
Determining exposure time                                 186
Precise alignment of the camera                           186   Panchromatic reproduction film                        214
                                                                Black-and-white reversal film                         215
Leitz Reprovit-R copyingstand                             186
Leitz Reprovit lla universal copying outfit               187   Black-and-white positive film                         215
Extensive line of Reprovit accessories                    188   Infrared films                                        215
Illumitran                                                189
Hints for reproductions                                   190   Black-and-white film developers                       215
                                                                Data for film processing                              216
                                                          190
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILTERS                                            Reproductions                                         217
                                                                Line reproductions                                    218
Filters for black-and-white and color photography . . .   192   Halftone reproductions                                218
UVa filter                                                192   Reversal processing                                   218
Skylight and haze filters                                 193
Polarizing filters (P/P-cir)                              193   Color negative films                                  219
Neutral density filters (N)                               195   Color reversal films                                  220
                                                                Storage of films                                      221
Filters for color photography                             195   Handling of films                                     222
Conversion filters                                        196
Color compensating filters                                196
                                                                PHOTOGRAPHY OF THE INVISIBLE                          224
Filters for creative effects                              202

                                                                Infrared photography                                  224
Filters for black-and-white photography                   202
                                                                Criminology                                           224
Yellow filter (Y)                    •                    202
                                                                Medicine                                              224
Yellow-green filter (YG)                                  202
                                                                Botany                                                224
Green filter (G)                                          202
                                                                Applied photography                                   224
Orange filter (Or)                                        202
Red filter (R)                                            203
                                                                Black-and-white infrared photography                  224
Blue filter (Bl)                                          203
                                                                Infrared filters                                      229
                                                                Focusing                                              229
                                                          204
Sheet or gelatine filters and filter frame holders
                                                                Exposure measurement, illumination and processing .   231
                                                          204
Step-up rings
                                                          204
Hints for practical applications
                                                                Infrared color photography                            231
                                                                Color reproduction                                    232
SPECIAL EFFECTS ATTACHMENTS
                                                                Focusing                                              233
  AND TRICK LENSES                                        206
                                                                Ultraviolet photography                               233
Prismatic attachments                                     206
                                                                Ultraviolet luminescence photography                  233
Star filters                                              207
                                                                Lighting, filters and exposure measurement            234
Spectral attachments                                      207
                                                                Focusing                                              234
Center-clear or center spot attachments                   207
Bifocal or split field attachments                        207
                                                                LIGHTING TECHNIQUES                                   234
Soft focus attachments                                    209
Fog filters                                               209
                                                                Light path and shadow formation                       236
Pop filters                                               210
                                                                Light reflections                                     237
Graduated filters                                         210
                                                                The direction of light                                238
FILMS: Their properties, applications
   and processing                                         210   Shadowless background                                 239
                                                                Transmitted light                                     239
General film speed                                        210
                                                              Astrophotography                                       272
Flash techniques                                        242
                                                              The prime focus system                                 272
Calculating with guide numbers                          242
                                                              The Barlow lens                                        272
Flash synchronization                                   243
                                                              Eyepiece projection                                    272
Checking flash synchronization                          244
Dedicated electronic flash units                        244
                                                              Photography through the microscope                     272
Computer flash units                                    244
                                                              Adaptation to the microscope                           273
On- or off-camera flash                                 245
                                                              Observing and focusing                                 274
Indirect flash                                          246
Tele-flash                                              246   Determining the magnification                          274
Infrared flash                                          247   The exposure                                           274
Lightening shadows                                      247   Adaptation to automatic photomicrography equipment     276
Close-up flash                                          249
                                                              Endoscopic photography                                 276
Ring flash                                              250
Multiple flash                                          250
Filters on flash                                        251   Adaptation to other optical devices                    277

ON THE ROAD WITH YOUR LEICA                             252   Wide format photographs —wide screen projection . .    277
Prepare early                                           252   The Iscorama 1.5x —54 Anamorphoser                     279
Practical combinations                                  252   Optical tricks                                         279

No transportation problems                              253   Panoramic photographs                                  280
Camera cases for the Leica R4                           253   Criterion of quality: correct exposure                 285
Eveready cases                                          253   Corrections during the assembly of the panoramas . .   287
Soft leather cases for Leica R4 cameras                 254
                                                              The reproduction                                       289
Combination case for the Leica R4 camera                254
Combination case for the Leica R4 camera
                                                              LEITZ ENLARGERS                                        291
  with attached Motor Winder or Motor Drive
                                                              Leitz Focomat V35 Autofocus enlarger                   291
  and handgrip                                          255
                                                              Modern illumination system                             291
Universal case for the Leica R4 camera                  256
                                                              Leitz modules for color and
Reporter case                                           258
                                                                black-and-white enlargements                         292
Safari case                                             258
                                                              Special enlarging lenses                               292
                                                              Enlarging made easy                                    292
Consider your own needs                                 258
                                                              The Leitz Focomat lie enlarger                         293
                                                              Automatic focusing                                     294
Photography at high temperatures                        259
                                                              Negative sizes from 1 3 x 1 7 mm to 6 x 9 cm
Photography in the tropics                              260
                                                                or 17/32 x 11/16 of an inch to 2% x 3V2 inches . .   294
Photographing when it is wet                            261
                                                              Color enlargements                                     295
Photography at low temperatures                         260
                                                              Leitz enlarging easels                                 295
                                                              Making your own enlargements                           295
Security X-rays-dangerous to films?                     262

                                                              LEITZ PROJECTORS                                       295
PHOTOGRAPHY IN THE WET ELEMENT                          263
                                                              The pradovit family of projectors                      295
Underwater photography                                  264
                                                              Pradovit R 152 and Pradovit RA 152 projectors          296
Everything is different under water                     264
                                                              Pradovit CA 2502 projector                             296
Distances seem shorter                                  265
                                                              The LKM straight slide tray                            296
Light and color                                         265
                                                              The round Kodak Carousel and
Flash under water                                       265
                                                                 Ektagraphic slide trays                             296
Learn to dive                                           266
                                                              The Leitz Pradolux RT 300/II and Pradolux RT 300/AV
                                                                 slide projectors                                    297
SPECIAL APPLICATIONS                                    267
                                                              Interchangeable projection lenses                      297
Photographing television screens                        267
                                                              Slide mounting with and without glass                  298
The exposure                                            267
                                                              CF projection lenses for glasless slides               300
Color photographs                                       267
                                                              There are exceptions to every rule                     300
                                                              Accessories for projection                             300
Photographs of cathode ray tube (CRT) screens . . . .   268
Photography with image intensifiers                     269
                                                              Worth reading                                          301
The image intensifier tube                              269
Observing and photographing                             270
                                                              Important addresses                                    303
Image intensifiers and infrared tele-flash              270
                                                              Index                                                  304
The binocular as a photograhic lens                     270