CONTENTS Clear glass screen with cross hairs 46 Preface 9 Cleaning the focusing screens 46 LEITZ — yesterday and today 11 Eyecup 47 Ernst Leitz comes to Wetzlar 13 Angle finder 47 The decision to produce the Leica 14 Focus in advance 47 Leitz Wetzlar today 14 Panning with the camera 47 The main factory in Wetzlar 15 Unobserved picturetaking 48 The other plants 16 Business developments 16 Exposure measurement 49 Leitz' role in space 16 Measuring incident and reflected light 49 Leitz means precision. Worldwide 17 Normal subjects 50 Leitz large-field integrating measurement 50 OSKAR BARNACK Overriding for bright or dark conditions 50 Pioneer of 35 mm photography Leitz selective measurement = close-up - Inventor of the LEICA measurement from afar 51 22 Measured value storage 51 Brief Leica chronicle 22 Especially attractive: strong contrasts 51 Ur-Leica 22 Stand-in measurement 53 Leica I or A with non-interchangeable lens 22 Measuring exposures for close-ups 54 Leica I or C for interchangeable lenses 23 Exposure measurement with photographic filters . . . 54 Leica II or D 24 Exposure measurement does not replace thinking . . 54 Leica III or F 23 Test exposure for optimum results 55 Leica Illf 23 Leica M3 24 Leica R3/R3-Mot: Leicaflex 24 Two modes of measurement: automatic and manual . -56 Leicaflex SL Leicaflex SL 2 25 Leica R4: five modes 56 25 Leitz know-how makes it possible 57 Leica R3 electronic 25 When to use which exposure control mode 57 Leica R3-Mot electronic 28 Automatic exposure control with aperture priority Leica R4-Mot electronic, Leica R4 and Leica R4s .. with Leitz large-field integrating measurement . . . . • 60 35 Automatic exposure control with aperture priority The Camera 37 with Leitz selective measurement 60 Fundamentals of Photography 38 Automatic exposure control with shutter speed priority Focal length 38 with Leitz large-field integrating measurement . . . . 61 Light-gathering power 38 Programmed automatic exposure control The aperture 39 with Leitz large-field integrating measurement . . . . 61 Depth of field 41 Manual setting of shutter speed and aperture The shutter with Leitz selective measurement 62 Attention, p icture! 43 43 Automatic corrections 62 Holding the camera correctly 44 Personal programs 62 The camera motion test 44 Additional LED displays in the viewfinder 63 Practice makes perfect 44 Below the measurement threshold 63 Use the full frame 44 The exposure control 64 Check the focus 45 Analog control 64 Eyesight correction lenses 45 Digital (Quartz) control 64 Interchangeable focusing screens 46 Motorized cameras 66 Universal focusing screen 46 Leicaflex SL-Mot/SL 2-Mot 66 Uniform ground glass screen 46 Leica R3-Mot 67 Microprism screen 46 Leica R4 67 Uniform ground glass screen with grid division ... Motor Winder R4 67 The fisheye lens 110 Motor Drive R4 68 16 mm f/2.8 Fisheye-Elmarit-R 111 The Leica R motor system 69 Long focal lengths 114 Handgrip for handheld photography 69 Telephoto lenses 115 Remote control Leica R 69 Tripod holder 69 All-purpose lenses 115 90 mm f/2.8 Elmarit-R 116 Electric cable release R4 71 90 mm f/2 Summicron-R 116 Additional motor accessories 71 80mmf/1.4Summilux-R 118 135 mm f/2.8 Elmarit-R 119 Working sheets for motor cameras 71 Interchangeable camera back 72 The group of 180s 121 180mmf/4Elmar-R 121 Databack 72 180 mm f/2.8 Elmarit-R 122 180mmf/3.4Apo-Telyt-R 124 Double and multiple exposures 74 The exposure 74 The classic telephoto lenses 128 Trick photos 75 Experimental photographs 77 250 mm f/4 Telyt-R 128 Phantom photographs 77 350 mm f/4.8 Telyt-R 129 Title slides 77 The rapid-fire lenses 131 Colored diagrams 77 400 mm f/6.8 Telyt-R 132 Motorized multiple exposures 78 560 mm f/6.8 Telyt-R 132 Leica R lenses 79 The 800 mm f/6.3 Telyt-S long telephoto lens 134 Why different focal lenghts 81 Learn to see photographically 83 Mirror reflex lenses 135 500mmf/8MR-Telyt-R 136 Basic design of Leica R lenses 84 800 mm f/8 RF-Rokkor 137 The quick-change bayonet 84 The automatic diaphragm 84 Macro lenses . 137 Scales for distance and depth of field 85 60 mm f/2.8 Macro-Elmarit-R 137 The lens hood 85 100mmf/4Macro-Elmar-R 138 Special characteristics of Leica R lenses 85 Zoom lenses 146 Mechanical components 85 3 7 - 7 0 mm f/3.5 Vario-Elmar-R 148 Optical components 86 75-200 mm f/4.5 Vario-Elmar-R 149 Surface coating 87 Quality assurance 93 Using Leica M lenses on a Leica R 150 No off-brand lenses on the Leica R 151 The standard focal lengths 93 Hints for the care of Leica R lenses 151 50 mm f/2 Summicron-R 94 50mmf/1.4Summilux-R 96 Increasing the focal length with extenders 157 60 mm f/2.8 Macro-Elmarit-R 96 Leitz Extender-R 2 x 159 Extender-R 2 x for Leica R cameras 159 Wide angle lenses 96 Extender-R 2 x for Leicaflex SL/SL 2 cameras 159 Floating element 97 Retrofocus lenses 97 Practical picturetaking techniques 161 Normal wide angle lenses 98 THE NEAR RANGE 163 The reproduction ratio 163 35 mm f/2.8 Elmarit-R 99 35 mm f/2 Summicron-R 99 Optical close-up attachments 164 35 mm f/4 PA-Curtagon-R 100' Elpro close-up attachments 166 28 mm f/2.8 Elmarit-R 104 Close-up pictures with lens extension 167 The super wide angle lenses 105 Laws of imaging 167 24 mm f/2.8 Elmarit-R 105 Exposure factor 169 21 mm f/4 Super-Angulon-R 106 Depth of field 170 19 mm f/2.8 Elmarit-R 106 Ring combination 170 15mmf/3.5Super-Elmar-R 110 Extension tube for rapid focus lenses 174 175 Graininess and grain 210 Macro-Adapter-R 176 Resolving power and contour sharpness 212 1 to 1 Adapter 176 Freedom from halation 213 Close-up ring 177 Gradation 213 Universal Focusing Bellows-R Reciprocity law failure 213 Why Leitz does not recommend lens-reversing adapters 181 Black-and-white films 213 Applications of black-and-white films 214 182 Photar lenses Low speed films 214 Medium speed films 214 Reproduction (Copying) 185 High speed films 214 Uniform illumination 185 Films for reproduction and copying 214 Orthochromatic reproduction film 214 Determining exposure time 186 Precise alignment of the camera 186 Panchromatic reproduction film 214 Black-and-white reversal film 215 Leitz Reprovit-R copyingstand 186 Leitz Reprovit lla universal copying outfit 187 Black-and-white positive film 215 Extensive line of Reprovit accessories 188 Infrared films 215 Illumitran 189 Hints for reproductions 190 Black-and-white film developers 215 Data for film processing 216 190 PHOTOGRAPHIC FILTERS Reproductions 217 Line reproductions 218 Filters for black-and-white and color photography . . . 192 Halftone reproductions 218 UVa filter 192 Reversal processing 218 Skylight and haze filters 193 Polarizing filters (P/P-cir) 193 Color negative films 219 Neutral density filters (N) 195 Color reversal films 220 Storage of films 221 Filters for color photography 195 Handling of films 222 Conversion filters 196 Color compensating filters 196 PHOTOGRAPHY OF THE INVISIBLE 224 Filters for creative effects 202 Infrared photography 224 Filters for black-and-white photography 202 Criminology 224 Yellow filter (Y) • 202 Medicine 224 Yellow-green filter (YG) 202 Botany 224 Green filter (G) 202 Applied photography 224 Orange filter (Or) 202 Red filter (R) 203 Black-and-white infrared photography 224 Blue filter (Bl) 203 Infrared filters 229 Focusing 229 204 Sheet or gelatine filters and filter frame holders Exposure measurement, illumination and processing . 231 204 Step-up rings 204 Hints for practical applications Infrared color photography 231 Color reproduction 232 SPECIAL EFFECTS ATTACHMENTS Focusing 233 AND TRICK LENSES 206 Ultraviolet photography 233 Prismatic attachments 206 Ultraviolet luminescence photography 233 Star filters 207 Lighting, filters and exposure measurement 234 Spectral attachments 207 Focusing 234 Center-clear or center spot attachments 207 Bifocal or split field attachments 207 LIGHTING TECHNIQUES 234 Soft focus attachments 209 Fog filters 209 Light path and shadow formation 236 Pop filters 210 Light reflections 237 Graduated filters 210 The direction of light 238 FILMS: Their properties, applications and processing 210 Shadowless background 239 Transmitted light 239 General film speed 210 Astrophotography 272 Flash techniques 242 The prime focus system 272 Calculating with guide numbers 242 The Barlow lens 272 Flash synchronization 243 Eyepiece projection 272 Checking flash synchronization 244 Dedicated electronic flash units 244 Photography through the microscope 272 Computer flash units 244 Adaptation to the microscope 273 On- or off-camera flash 245 Observing and focusing 274 Indirect flash 246 Tele-flash 246 Determining the magnification 274 Infrared flash 247 The exposure 274 Lightening shadows 247 Adaptation to automatic photomicrography equipment 276 Close-up flash 249 Endoscopic photography 276 Ring flash 250 Multiple flash 250 Filters on flash 251 Adaptation to other optical devices 277 ON THE ROAD WITH YOUR LEICA 252 Wide format photographs —wide screen projection . . 277 Prepare early 252 The Iscorama 1.5x —54 Anamorphoser 279 Practical combinations 252 Optical tricks 279 No transportation problems 253 Panoramic photographs 280 Camera cases for the Leica R4 253 Criterion of quality: correct exposure 285 Eveready cases 253 Corrections during the assembly of the panoramas . . 287 Soft leather cases for Leica R4 cameras 254 The reproduction 289 Combination case for the Leica R4 camera 254 Combination case for the Leica R4 camera LEITZ ENLARGERS 291 with attached Motor Winder or Motor Drive Leitz Focomat V35 Autofocus enlarger 291 and handgrip 255 Modern illumination system 291 Universal case for the Leica R4 camera 256 Leitz modules for color and Reporter case 258 black-and-white enlargements 292 Safari case 258 Special enlarging lenses 292 Enlarging made easy 292 Consider your own needs 258 The Leitz Focomat lie enlarger 293 Automatic focusing 294 Photography at high temperatures 259 Negative sizes from 1 3 x 1 7 mm to 6 x 9 cm Photography in the tropics 260 or 17/32 x 11/16 of an inch to 2% x 3V2 inches . . 294 Photographing when it is wet 261 Color enlargements 295 Photography at low temperatures 260 Leitz enlarging easels 295 Making your own enlargements 295 Security X-rays-dangerous to films? 262 LEITZ PROJECTORS 295 PHOTOGRAPHY IN THE WET ELEMENT 263 The pradovit family of projectors 295 Underwater photography 264 Pradovit R 152 and Pradovit RA 152 projectors 296 Everything is different under water 264 Pradovit CA 2502 projector 296 Distances seem shorter 265 The LKM straight slide tray 296 Light and color 265 The round Kodak Carousel and Flash under water 265 Ektagraphic slide trays 296 Learn to dive 266 The Leitz Pradolux RT 300/II and Pradolux RT 300/AV slide projectors 297 SPECIAL APPLICATIONS 267 Interchangeable projection lenses 297 Photographing television screens 267 Slide mounting with and without glass 298 The exposure 267 CF projection lenses for glasless slides 300 Color photographs 267 There are exceptions to every rule 300 Accessories for projection 300 Photographs of cathode ray tube (CRT) screens . . . . 268 Photography with image intensifiers 269 Worth reading 301 The image intensifier tube 269 Observing and photographing 270 Important addresses 303 Image intensifiers and infrared tele-flash 270 Index 304 The binocular as a photograhic lens 270